The global transition toward sustainable agriculture and reduced chemical pesticide dependency has accelerated research into novel biopesticide technologies. This study comprehensively reviews recent advancements in three innovative categories of biopesticides nanoformulated, RNAi-based, and seaweed-derived products highlighting their mechanisms, efficacy, and potential applications in integrated pest management (IPM). Nanoformulations of botanical biopesticides, particularly those utilizing plant-derived actives such as azadirachtin, eugenol, and curcumin, employ nanocarriers like chitosan, polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and silica nanoparticles to enhance bioavailability, stability, and controlled release. RNA interference (RNAi)-based biopesticides represent a new generation of gene-targeted pest control agents that suppress specific pest genes through double-stranded RNA molecules, enabling species-specific and environmentally safe pest management. Similarly, seaweed-based biopesticides derived from macroalgae such as Sargassum, Gracilaria, and Ulva spp. exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal activity due to their polysaccharide, polyphenol, and terpenoid constituents. Collectively, these novel formulations offer high efficacy, biodegradability, and minimal ecological disruption compared to synthetic pesticides. The integration of nanotechnology, molecular biology, and marine bioresources in pesticide development presents a promising pathway toward eco-friendly and sustainable crop protection strategies.

Nipah virus (NiV) is one of the emerging zoonotic viruses and a member of the family Henipavirus, which is known for having a mortality rate between 40%-80%. This virus was first identified during an epidemic in Malaysia in 1998. Nipah virus continues to threaten human beings as there have been multiple episodes recorded in South and Southeast Asia. Fruit bats (genus Pteropus) act as the natural host to the virus, which may infect humans through contact with contaminated food products (such as date palm sap and fruits), either directly or indirectly, following contact with intermediary hosts such as pigs. Human-to-human transmission has also been reported.In terms of its clinical presentation, NiV infection is characterized by a wide range of manifestations, from mild febrile illness to fatal outcomes like ARDS and encephalitis. In most instances, the duration of the incubation period varies between 4 to 14 days; however, in some cases, it can even extend to 45 days. Pathogenesis involves a variety of vasculitis and neuronopathy coupled with a high level of inflammatory response through the production of cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1.Diagnosis primarily relies on laboratory techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Currently, there is no approved antiviral treatment or licensed vaccine available for NiV infection, and clinical management is largely limited to supportive care, including intensive monitoring and symptomatic treatment.Due to the high case fatality rate, risk of human-to-human spread, and lack of any specific treatment modality, NiV has been categorized as a priority organism by various health organizations around the world. As far as preventive aspects are concerned, measures such as proper infection control practices, educating the masses about NiV, and avoiding exposure to high-risk situations play an important role in managing outbreaks. Research is still ongoing to develop an appropriate vaccine and drug against this deadly virus. The present review is designed to discuss all aspects of Nipah virus infection.

Distillery industry generates large amounts of spent wash, containing melanoidin. Its resistance to biodegradation, high oxygen demand and toxicity is of critical concern due to its ecological impact on aquatic ecosystems, soil fertility, and crop viability. While conventional treatment methods are inefficient, microbial degradation offers a green, cost-effective alternative. This study aimed to isolate and screen melanoidin-decolorizing bacteria from distillery wastewater. Decolorization studies were carried out using synthetic melanoidin in four different media. Role of laccase and manganese peroxidase enzyme activities of the were evaluated. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed the isolates as Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter hormaechei and Priestia aryabhattai. P. aryabhattai showed the highest melanoidin decolourization efficiency of 87.89% in minimal salt media, followed by E. hormaechei with 85.39% in nutrient broth, and Bacillus subtilis with 79.82% in minimal salt medium at 96 hours of incubation. All three strains demonstrated effective decolourization under optimal conditions of 37°C and pH 7. Tests on the germination of Vigna radiata seeds and on the growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum suggested the degraded products are non toxic. The findings demonstrate that the isolated strains have strong potential for effective and eco-friendly remediation of melanoidin in distillery wastewater, offering a valuable biotechnological tool for wastewater treatment.

Immunity plays a central part in how people respond to the virus behind the 2019 outbreak, shaping whether symptoms stay light or turn into serious lung issues or affect muscles. When the body detects pathogens like this one, early defences kick in - interferons get released, signals pass through cytokines, natural killer cells activate, and antigen-presenting cells join the effort. Yet if these systems go off track, excessive inflammation may follow, harming tissues instead of protecting them. Though designed to fight invaders fast, natural killer cells sometimes underperform during infection with this particular virus, weakening overall resistance over time. Interference from outside sources shows that adding type I or type II interferons can influence viral activity directly. What began as a single health crisis spread worldwide, driven by a pathogen known scientifically as SARS-CoV-2, leaving lasting impacts on public well-being. These point toward type I, and more so type III interferon, less likely to cause side effects, as useful tools in handling COVID-19. While CD4⁺ helper T cells, CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells, and B cells drive viral elimination along with lasting protection, issues like fading antibody levels or worn-out T cells can open doors to serious illness and repeat infections. Control over most viruses relies heavily on the adaptive immune response. Antibody production, plus coordination through CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, forms its core structure. When molecules like IL-6, TNF-α, or IL-1β flood the body unchecked, they spark a cascade: rampant inflammation follows, blood vessels leak, tissues suffer - especially lung tissue - which may progress into ARDS and affect multiple organs. Though rooted in equations, simulations of immune behaviour stretch beyond basic formulas to include complex system interactions. From single-cell activity to broad physiological patterns, these tools map how bodies respond when invaded by pathogens. One such approach uses ODE-driven virus replication cycles to track infection progress over time. Instead of simplifying biological processes, some frameworks simulate individual agents acting within layered environments. Such methods reveal how local events influence overall immunity outcomes. Coagulation studies, similarly, turn to math to uncover hidden steps in clot formation pathways. By testing virtual scenarios, researchers spot previously unknown molecular reactions. These models also highlight possible points where medicines might intervene effectively. Rather than replacing experiments, they guide lab work toward more promising avenues.

Background: food security remains a major development challenge in Burkina Faso. Children represent a particularly vulnerable group in this environment due to their high nutritional needs and increased exposure to health risks. Objective: this paper aims to highlight the link between food security and child morbidity. Method: a bivariate analysis was conducted using Pearson’s chi-square test to examine the association between morbidity and various factors, including household food security characteristics and the individual characteristics of children under five years of age. The threshold for statistical significance was set at 5%.Result: the approach identified age and water source as significant factors associated with the prevalence of child morbidity. The bivariate analysis showed that the age of the children is statistically linked to morbidity at 0.01% and water quality at 0.03%.Conclusion: the results highlight the need for multisectoral interventions targeting improvements in hygiene, access to safe water, economic support to vulnerable households, and health prevention among young children.

Menthol and allicin are naturally occurring bioactive substances that have been extensively researched for their therapeutic, medicinal, and antibacterial qualities. While menthol, a monoterpene alcohol derived mostly from mint species (Mentha spp.), is highly regarded for its cooling properties and therapeutic uses, allicin, a sulfur-containing component derived from garlic (Allium sativum), is recognized for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The extraction, qualitative analysis, and physicochemical characterisation of menthol and allicin using conventional analytical methods are the main objectives of this pilot study. Solubility tests, melting point measurements, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for characterization. The findings support the existence of distinctive functional groupings and physicochemical characteristics that are in line with published research. For more quantitative analysis and formulation-based research involving these bioactive chemicals, this study offers baseline data.

Transferrin receptor (TfR) overexpression has emerged as a crucial factor in the progression of breast cancer, playing a pivotal role in regulating iron homeostasis to meet the increased metabolic demands of tumor cells. Iron, essential for DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation, is actively imported into cells via TfR, making it a key regulator of cancer cell growth. This review examines the molecular mechanisms by which TfR expression is upregulated in breast cancer and its impact on tumor development, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Beyond its diagnostic utility, TfR overexpression offers novel therapeutic opportunities, particularly in the development of targeted therapies. TfR-targeted drug delivery systems, including antibody-drug conjugates and nanoparticle-based therapies, exploit the receptor's role in iron uptake to selectively deliver cytotoxic agents to breast cancer cells. Additionally, targeting TfR may enhance the effectiveness of ferroptosis-inducing therapies, a form of iron-dependent cell death, providing a promising strategy to overcome treatment resistance. Despite these advancements, challenges such as off-target effects, resistance mechanisms, and toxicity must be addressed for successful clinical implementation of TfR-based therapies.

Digital violence against women has escalated markedly with the rapid proliferation of digital technologies and social media platforms, emerging as a pervasive and increasingly complex manifestation of gender-based violence in contemporary societies. This study sought to examine the phenomenon of digital violence against women from a psychosocial perspective by exploring the psychological, social, and cultural determinants underlying its proliferation, as well as its psychological and social repercussions on women. To achieve this objective, the study employed a descriptive-analytical approach based on a critical review of contemporary literature and recent empirical studies addressing gender-based digital violence. The findings indicate that digital violence represents a contemporary extension of structural gender-based violence and is manifested through diverse forms, including online threats, cyberstalking, defamation, blackmail, and hate speech. These practices operate within asymmetrical power relations sustained by entrenched gender stereotypes and sociocultural norms that normalize and legitimize violence against women. The study further demonstrates that digital environments have evolved into fertile spaces for the reproduction of patriarchal dominance, facilitated by anonymity, rapid dissemination, and weak legal and social accountability mechanisms. Consequently, women are exposed to profound psychological and social consequences, including heightened anxiety, persistent fear, social withdrawal, and diminished self-esteem. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for a comprehensive and multidimensional response that integrates deterrent legal frameworks, digital empowerment initiatives, community-based awareness programs, and structural cultural reforms aimed at dismantling the normalization of violence against women.

Digital addiction is a phenomenon that is increasingly prevalent among children and adolescents in the digital age and represents a significant indicator of the deterioration of mental health within this age group. The concept of digital addiction refers to excessive and compulsive use of the internet, which results in negative consequences affecting various psychological, social, and functional aspects of an individual’s life. This theoretical review aimed to shed light on the concept of digital addiction, identify the psychological and social factors that contribute to the increased prevalence of digital addiction among children and adolescents, and examine its psychological and social effects on this population. This was achieved through a comprehensive theoretical review of numerous scholarly studies that have addressed the same topic. The findings revealed that digital addiction is a broad concept for which no unified definition exists. It is a complex, multidimensional construct influenced by intertwined psychological, social, and cultural factors. The study also found that children and adolescents are the most vulnerable to digital addiction due to their strong desire to seek social acceptance and self-esteem through digital interaction. This vulnerability leads to a range of serious developmental, psychological, and social problems, rendering them more fragile in the face of the negative effects of digital addiction. Moreover, the results indicated that family structure, patterns of family communication, and parental psychological support play crucial roles in protecting children from digital addiction. Conversely, family conflicts weaken parental monitoring, thereby increasing excessive internet use among children. In light of these findings, the researcher recommended organizing seminars, workshops, and training programs for families and school counselors to raise awareness of the dangers of digital addiction and its negative effects on children and adolescents.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetically inherited hemoglobinopathy characterized by chronic hemolysis, vaso-occlusion, and multi-organ damage. While the underlying β-globin mutation is well-defined, the clinical course is highly heterogeneous, influenced by co-inherited genetic modifiers and environmental factors. Radiologic imaging plays a critical role in detecting both acute complications and chronic end-organ damage. Imaging genomics, an emerging field that correlates imaging features with genomic data, offers a novel pathway to understand the genotype–phenotype relationships in SCA. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into this domain has further enhanced the ability to identify subtle imaging biomarkers that may correspond to specific genetic profiles. AI-enhanced imaging genomics leverages machine learning algorithms to process high-dimensional imaging data, extract quantitative features, and integrate them with genomic information. In SCA, this approach can reveal patterns linked to disease severity, predict the risk of complications such as stroke or avascular necrosis, and monitor treatment response. Advanced imaging modalities—including MRI, ultrasound, and CT—combined with AI-driven analytics, can uncover microstructural and functional changes before they become clinically apparent. These predictive capabilities have the potential to refine diagnosis, improve risk stratification, and guide personalized therapeutic interventions.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant threat to child health globally, with children under five years particularly vulnerable to infection primarily via mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Early intervention strategies targeting both maternal health and infant care have been pivotal in reducing new pediatric HIV cases. Lifelong protection for these children hinges on timely diagnosis, sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART), and integrated health services that address biological, social, and systemic challenges. This review explores current practices, challenges, and innovations in pediatric HIV prevention, focusing on early intervention and long-term management to improve survival and quality of life for children at risk. Effective prevention of HIV in children under five involves a comprehensive approach that includes maternal ART during pregnancy and breastfeeding, infant antiretroviral prophylaxis, and early infant diagnosis (EID). The integration of these interventions within maternal and child health services has led to substantial declines in pediatric HIV incidence globally. However, barriers such as late maternal diagnosis, poor ART adherence, limited access to early infant testing, and socio-cultural challenges continue to impede progress. Emerging technologies and community-driven approaches provide promising avenues for enhancing pediatric HIV prevention. Innovations in long-acting ART formulations, point-of-care diagnostics, and digital health platforms facilitate adherence, early detection, and continuity of care. Addressing systemic challenges through integrated, patient-centered care models and strengthening community support are essential to achieving the global goal of an HIV-free generation under five years of age.

Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone traditionally recognized for its role in erythropoiesis, has emerged as a multifaceted player in oncology. In ovarian cancer, a malignancy with high morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, EPO assumes dual relevance: as a therapeutic agent for anemia and as a potential modulator of tumor biology. Evidence suggests that erythropoietin receptors (EPOR) are expressed in ovarian cancer cells, where EPO signaling may influence proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis resistance, and metastatic potential. At the same time, anemia remains a frequent and debilitating complication of ovarian cancer, often resulting from chronic inflammation, myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and disease-related factors. The therapeutic use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in this setting has improved quality of life by reducing transfusion dependence, but concerns persist regarding its possible tumor-promoting effects. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biological interplay between erythropoietin and ovarian cancer, evaluates clinical evidence on its use for anemia management, and discusses future directions for safely balancing symptom relief with oncologic outcomes.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic disorders characterized by somatic mutations in genes such as JAK2, CALR, and MPL, which drive excessive proliferation of myeloid lineages. Increasing evidence highlights a critical role for chronic inflammation in MPN pathogenesis, where mutant clones produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that reinforce clonal expansion, promote genomic instability, and contribute to thrombosis and fibrosis. This bidirectional interaction between genetic alterations and inflammatory signaling underpins disease progression and symptomatology. This narrative review synthesizes current insights into the intersection of genetics and inflammation in MPNs, emphasizing mechanistic pathways, clinical correlates, and therapeutic implications. Understanding this interplay provides a foundation for precision medicine strategies aimed at mitigating both proliferative and inflammatory disease components.

Geriatric coagulopathies, encompassing disorders of blood clotting that lead to thrombosis or bleeding, are increasingly significant as the global elderly population grows. These conditions arise from age-related physiological changes, polypharmacy, and comorbidities. However, the burden and management of coagulopathies differ markedly between low-income and high-income settings due to disparities in healthcare infrastructure, diagnostic capabilities, and access to therapies. This review compares geriatric coagulopathies in Africa and America, highlighting epidemiological trends, underlying pathophysiology, and clinical challenges unique to each region. In African settings, infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and limited resources complicate diagnosis and treatment, while in American contexts, lifestyle-related factors and advanced healthcare systems shape disease profiles and management strategies. These contrasting environments illustrate the complexity of delivering optimal care to elderly patients with coagulation disorders.

Pregnancy induces a proinflammatory and hypercoagulable state as part of its physiological adaptation, but the addition of COVID-19 significantly amplifies these changes, posing unique risks to maternal and fetal health. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to disrupt endothelial function, promote cytokine release, and activate coagulation pathways creating a complex interplay between inflammation and thrombosis. In pregnant women, these effects may accelerate the development of complications such as preeclampsia, venous thromboembolism, and preterm birth, necessitating the identification of early biomarkers for risk stratification. This review explores the prognostic relevance of key inflammatory coagulation biomarkers, including D-dimer, fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and prothrombin time (PT), in COVID-19-positive pregnancies. Elevated levels or abnormal trends in these markers have been associated with severe disease progression, ICU admission, and poor obstetric outcomes. When interpreted alongside clinical parameters, these biomarkers may aid in the early identification of high-risk cases, enabling prompt interventions such as thromboprophylaxis, intensive monitoring, and timely delivery.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV remains a significant cause of pediatric HIV infection globally, particularly in low-resource settings. Preventing HIV in children under five requires a comprehensive approach that spans the entire maternal and infant care continuum—from early pregnancy through the postpartum period. This review explores key strategies including maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and adherence, infant prophylaxis, early infant diagnosis (EID), and innovations in diagnostic and treatment technologies. Effective prevention hinges on early and sustained viral suppression in pregnant and breastfeeding women, complemented by timely infant prophylaxis and rapid HIV testing to ensure early treatment initiation for infected infants. Innovations such as long-acting ART formulations, point-of-care diagnostic tools, and digital health interventions enhance adherence and facilitate timely care, particularly in resource-limited environments. Integration of HIV services with routine maternal and child health care and community engagement plays a crucial role in overcoming barriers like stigma and loss to follow-up